Zahiruddin Baber At the age of fifteen, Baber had conquered Samarkand, the capital of his ancestors. He made his first advance upon India in 1519 and reached Bhera in the Punjab. The fort of Birhala, with all its treasures, fell into the hands of the victor. The later part of the year witnessed another invasion by Baber, this time of Lahore. In 1520, he again marched into India and captured Sailkot and Syadpur, and massacred the inhabitants or carried them to slavery. In 1524, Baber advanced to Punjab and defeated the defending army in a great slaughter, and eventually marched into Lahore and ruled. Baber died in Agra on December 26th, 1530, having reigned thirty-eight years.

Nasiruddin Humayun Humayun, who succeeded his father Baber, was an amiable and accomplished person. He made the science of astronomy his favorite object of study, and wrote works on nature. Humayun waged wars on the Hindu kings of Bundelkhand, reduced Chena, and marched against Gujrat. In 1540, the emperor was discomfited by Sher Khan and was obliged to abandon his capital. He retreated to Lahore, and eventually fled to the desert, where his wife gave birth to Prince Akbar. Humayun eventually retreated to Sistan and gave up the idea of re-establishing the Moghal empire in India.